Looking for:
Features new to Windows XP - Wikipedia.using Windows 11 with Parallels Desktop virtual machine - Microsoft Community |
Parallel desktop 11 windows 7 free
The goals of green computing are similar to green chemistry : reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, the recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Green computing is important for all classes of systems, ranging from handheld systems to large-scale data centers.
Many corporate IT departments have green computing initiatives to reduce the environmental effect of their IT operations. In , the U. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star , a voluntary labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize the energy efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics.
Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the TCO Certified program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from CRT -based computer displays ; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy consumption, ergonomics , and the use of hazardous materials in construction. The report concludes that initiatives tend to concentrate on the greening ICTs themselves rather than on their actual implementation to tackle global warming and environmental degradation.
Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing. The Energy Star program was revised in October to include stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for approved products.
By , 26 US states established statewide recycling programs for obsolete computers and consumer electronics equipment. In January , the U. The projects provided research to optimize data center hardware and software, improve power supply chain, and data center cooling technologies. Modern IT systems rely upon a complicated mix of people, networks, and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative must cover all of these areas as well.
A solution may also need to address end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, and return on investment ROI. There are also considerable fiscal motivations for companies to take control of their own power consumption; "of the power management tools available, one of the most powerful may still be simple, plain, common sense.
Another report from Gartner recommends to "Look for product longevity, including upgradability and modularity. Data center facilities are heavy consumers of energy, accounting for between 1. The U. Department of Energy estimates that data center facilities consume up to to times more energy than standard office buildings. Energy efficient data center design should address all of the energy use aspects included in a data center: from the IT equipment to the HVAC Heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment to the actual location, configuration and construction of the building.
Department of Energy specifies five primary areas on which to focus energy efficient data center design best practices: [21]. Additional energy efficient design opportunities specified by the U. Department of Energy include on-site electrical generation and recycling of waste heat. Energy efficient data center design should help to better utilize a data center's space, and increase performance and efficiency. In , three new US Patents make use of facilities design to simultaneously cool and produce electrical power by use of internal and external waste heat.
The three patents use silo design for stimulating use internal waste heat, while the recirculation of the air cooling the silo's computing racks. US Patent 9,, , uses the recirculating air for power generation, while sister patent, US Patent 9,, , forces the recirculation of the same air, and sister patent, US Patent 10,, , uses thermal differences in temperature resulting in negative power usage effectiveness.
Negative power usage effectiveness, makes use of extreme differences between temperatures at times running the computing facilities, that they would run only from external sources other than the power use for computing.
The efficiency of algorithms affects the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. Algorithm changes, such as switching from a slow e. Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive. Researchers from MIT, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai have tested an energy allocation algorithm that successfully routes traffic to the location with the cheapest energy costs.
The researchers project up to a 40 percent savings on energy costs if their proposed algorithm were to be deployed. However, this approach does not actually reduce the amount of energy being used; it reduces only the cost to the company using it. Nonetheless, a similar strategy could be used to direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient way. A similar approach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic away from data centers experiencing warm weather; this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air conditioning.
Larger server centers are sometimes located where energy and land are inexpensive and readily available. Local availability of renewable energy, climate that allows outside air to be used for cooling, or locating them where the heat they produce may be used for other purposes could be factors in green siting decisions. Computer virtualization refers to the abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware.
The concept originated with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the s, but was commercialized for x86 -compatible computers only in the s. With virtualization, a system administrator could combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby conserving resources by removing need for the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption.
Virtualization can assist in distributing work so that servers are either busy or put in a low-power sleep state. Several commercial companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a transition to virtual computing.
Intel Corporation and AMD have also built proprietary virtualization enhancements to the x86 instruction set into each of their CPU product lines, in order to facilitate virtual computing. New virtual technologies, such as operating-system-level virtualization can also be used to reduce energy consumption. These technologies make a more efficient use of resources, thus reducing energy consumption by design.
Also, the consolidation of virtualized technologies is more efficient than the one done in virtual machines , so more services can be deployed in the same physical machine, reducing the amount of hardware needed. Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the operating system on the terminal.
Software-based remote desktop clients such as Windows Remote Desktop and RealVNC can provide similar thin-client functions when run on low power, commodity hardware that connects to a server. The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface ACPI , an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power-saving aspects of its underlying hardware.
This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity. Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU, which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed. This process is called undervolting. Some CPUs can automatically undervolt the processor, depending on the workload; this technology is called " SpeedStep " on Intel processors, " PowerNow! Data centers, which have been criticized for their extraordinarily high energy demand, are a primary focus for proponents of green computing.
Data centers can potentially improve their energy and space efficiency through techniques such as storage consolidation and virtualization. Many organizations are aiming to eliminate underutilized servers, which results in lower energy usage. Microsoft Windows has included limited PC power management features since Windows Windows was the first NT-based operating system to include power management.
This required major changes to the underlying operating system architecture and a new hardware driver model. Windows also introduced Group Policy , a technology that allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features.
However, power management was not one of those features. This is probably because the power management settings design relied upon a connected set of per-user and per-machine binary registry values, [33] effectively leaving it up to each user to configure their own power management settings. The reasons for this design decision by Microsoft are not known, and it has resulted in heavy criticism.
The support offered is limited to a single per-computer policy. The most recent release, Windows 7 retains these limitations but does include refinements for timer coalescing , processor power management , [36] [37] and display panel brightness. The most significant change in Windows 7 is in the user experience. The prominence of the default High Performance power plan has been reduced with the aim of encouraging users to save power.
There is a significant market in third-party PC power management software offering features beyond those present in the Windows operating system. Linux systems started to provide laptop-optimized power-management in , [47] with power-management options being mainstream since As of July 20, , all new Energy Star 4.
Smaller form factor e. With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low-capacity flash-based devices. As hard drive prices have fallen, storage farms have tended to increase in capacity to make more data available online. This includes archival and backup data that would formerly have been saved on tape or other offline storage. The increase in online storage has increased power consumption. Reducing the power consumed by large storage arrays, while still providing the benefits of online storage, is a subject of ongoing research.
A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer. Energy-efficient display options include:. Unlike other display technologies, electronic paper does not use any power while displaying an image. They also contain significant amounts of lead. LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes LEDs in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display.
A light-on-dark color scheme , also called dark mode , is a color scheme that requires less energy to display on new display technologies, such as OLED. A article in Popular Science suggests that "Dark mode is easier on the eyes and battery" [63] and displaying white on full brightness uses roughly six times as much power as pure black on a Google Pixel, which has an OLED display.
It will also be possible for third-party developers to implement their own dark themes. Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills , and can also replace equipment that otherwise would need to be manufactured, saving further energy and emissions.
Computer systems that have outlived their particular function can be re-purposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations. Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges , paper , and batteries may be recycled as well. A drawback to many of these schemes is that computers gathered through recycling drives are often shipped to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe.
In , the collection rate of e-waste is still very low, even in the most ecology-responsible countries like France. The recycling of old computers raises an important privacy issue. The old storage devices still hold private information, such as emails, passwords, and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by someone's using software available freely on the Internet. Deletion of a file does not actually remove the file from the hard drive.
Before recycling a computer, users should remove the hard drive, or hard drives if there is more than one, and physically destroy it or store it somewhere safe.
There are some authorized hardware recycling companies to whom the computer may be given for recycling, and they typically sign a non-disclosure agreement. Cloud computing addresses two major ICT challenges related to Green computing — energy usage and resource consumption.
.
- Download Windows 10 ISO With the Media Creation Tool
An operating system OS is system software that manages computer hardware , software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time , mass storage , printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation , the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, [1] [2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer — from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
The dominant general-purpose personal computer operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around Other specialized classes of operating systems special-purpose operating systems , [6] [7] such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements e. Others may have higher system requirements. Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers OEM -installation , whereas others may run directly from media i.
USB stick. A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running concurrently.
This is achieved by time-sharing , where the available processor time is divided between multiple processes. These processes are each interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task-scheduling subsystem of the operating system.
Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and cooperative types. In preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs.
Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux —as well as non-Unix-like, such as AmigaOS —support preemptive multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources to multiple users.
A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked computers and makes them appear to be a single computer, as all computations are distributed divided amongst the constituent computers. Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines with less autonomy e. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design and are able to operate with a limited amount of resources.
Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time.
A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. Such an event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events, whereas time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel : a specialized, single address space , machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments [ further explanation needed ].
Early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the s, such as resident monitor functions that could automatically run different programs in succession to speed up processing.
Operating systems did not exist in their modern and more complex forms until the early s. When personal computers became popular in the s, operating systems were made for them similar in concept to those used on larger computers. In the s, the earliest electronic digital systems had no operating systems.
Electronic systems of this time were programmed on rows of mechanical switches or by jumper wires on plugboards. These were special-purpose systems that, for example, generated ballistics tables for the military or controlled the printing of payroll checks from data on punched paper cards.
After programmable general-purpose computers were invented, machine languages consisting of strings of the binary digits 0 and 1 on punched paper tape were introduced that sped up the programming process Stern, In the early s, a computer could execute only one program at a time.
Each user had sole use of the computer for a limited period and would arrive at a scheduled time with their program and data on punched paper cards or punched tape. The program would be loaded into the machine, and the machine would be set to work until the program completed or crashed. Programs could generally be debugged via a front panel using toggle switches and panel lights. It is said that Alan Turing was a master of this on the early Manchester Mark 1 machine, and he was already deriving the primitive conception of an operating system from the principles of the universal Turing machine.
Later machines came with libraries of programs, which would be linked to a user's program to assist in operations such as input and output and compiling generating machine code from human-readable symbolic code. This was the genesis of the modern-day operating system. However, machines still ran a single job at a time. At Cambridge University in England, the job queue was at one time a washing line clothesline from which tapes were hung with different colored clothes-pegs to indicate job priority.
By the late s, programs that one would recognize as an operating system were beginning to appear. In a May paper describing the system, George Ryckman noted:. The development of computer operating systems have materially aided the problem of getting a program or series of programs on and off the computer efficiently. One of the more famous examples that is often found in discussions of early systems is the Atlas Supervisor , running on the Atlas in The Atlas team itself used the term "supervisor", [13] which was widely used along with "monitor".
Brinch Hansen described it as "the most significant breakthrough in the history of operating systems. These features were included or not included in application software at the option of application programmers, rather than in a separate operating system used by all applications. When a process is terminated for any reason, all of these resources are re-claimed by the operating system. In cooperation with the University of Minnesota, the Kronos and later the NOS operating systems were developed during the s, which supported simultaneous batch and timesharing use.
Like many commercial timesharing systems, its interface was an extension of the Dartmouth BASIC operating systems, one of the pioneering efforts in timesharing and programming languages. In the late s, Control Data and the University of Illinois developed the PLATO operating system, which used plasma panel displays and long-distance time sharing networks. Plato was remarkably innovative for its time, featuring real-time chat, and multi-user graphical games. MCP also introduced many other ground-breaking innovations, such as being the first commercial implementation of virtual memory.
This proposal was declined by Burroughs management to protect its existing hardware production. From the late s through the late s, several hardware capabilities evolved that allowed similar or ported software to run on more than one system. Early systems had utilized microprogramming to implement features on their systems in order to permit different underlying computer architectures to appear to be the same as others in a series. The enormous investment in software for these systems made since the s caused most of the original computer manufacturers to continue to develop compatible operating systems along with the hardware.
Notable supported mainframe operating systems include:. The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the elaborate operating systems that had been developed for mainframes and minis; minimalistic operating systems were developed, often loaded from ROM and known as monitors.
In the s, Apple Computer Inc. The introduction of the Intel CPU chip in October , [18] with bit architecture and paging capabilities, provided personal computers with the ability to run multitasking operating systems like those of earlier minicomputers and mainframes. He would lead the development of the Windows NT operating system, which continues to serve as the basis for Microsoft's operating systems line. Steve Jobs , a co-founder of Apple Inc.
While the project was highly successful in duplicating the functionality of various parts of UNIX, development of the GNU Hurd kernel proved to be unproductive.
In , Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds , with cooperation from volunteers collaborating over the Internet, released the first version of the Linux kernel. It was soon merged with the GNU user space components and system software to form a complete operating system.
Unix was originally written in assembly language. B was replaced by C , and Unix, rewritten in C, developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating system see History. The name " UNIX " is a trademark of The Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions.
Unix-like systems run on a wide variety of computer architectures. They are used heavily for servers in business, as well as workstations in academic and engineering environments. The POSIX standard can be applied to any operating system, although it was originally created for various Unix variants. These operating systems are most commonly found on webservers , although they can also function as a personal computer OS. The Internet owes much of its existence to BSD, as many of the protocols now commonly used by computers to connect, send and receive data over a network were widely implemented and refined in BSD.
In , University of California, Berkeley installed its first Unix system. Over time, students and staff in the computer science department there began adding new programs to make things easier, such as text editors. When Berkeley received new VAX computers in with Unix installed, the school's undergraduates modified Unix even more in order to take advantage of the computer's hardware possibilities. Steve Jobs , upon leaving Apple Inc. Developers like Keith Bostic encouraged the project to replace any non-free code that originated with Bell Labs.
Unlike its predecessor, macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT through the second half of the s and up until Apple purchased the company in early Since then, six more distinct "client" and " server " editions of macOS have been released, until the two were merged in OS X Prior to its merging with macOS, the server edition — macOS Server — was architecturally identical to its desktop counterpart and usually ran on Apple's line of Macintosh server hardware.
With Mac OS X v The server tools are now offered as an application. The Linux kernel originated in , as a project of Linus Torvalds , while a university student in Finland. He posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers, and received support and assistance from volunteers who succeeded in creating a complete and functional kernel.
Because of its open license model, the Linux kernel code is available for study and modification, which resulted in its use on a wide range of computing machinery from supercomputers to smartwatches. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used on only 1. Linux has superseded Unix on many platforms and is used on most supercomputers including the top Linux is also commonly used on other small energy-efficient computers, such as smartphones and smartwatches.
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based computers, with an estimated In , Windows 7 overtook Windows XP as the most common version in use. Microsoft Windows was first released in , as an operating environment running on top of MS-DOS , which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the time.
No comments:
Post a Comment